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In the practice of Christianity, canonical hours mark the divisions of the day in terms of periods of fixed prayer at regular intervals. A Book of Hours normally contains a version of, or selection from, such prayers. The practice of daily prayers grew from the Jewish practice of reciting prayers at set times of the day: for example, in the Book of Acts, Peter and John visit the temple for the afternoon prayers (). Psalm 119:164 states: "Seven times a day I praise you for your righteous laws" which is among the scriptural quotes in the attestation of Saint Symeon of Thessaloniki that commences "The times of prayer and the services are seven in number, like the number of gifts of the Spirit, since the holy prayers are from the Spirit."〔St. Symeon, p 18〕 This practice is believed to have been passed down through the centuries from the Apostles, with different practices developing in different places. As monasticism spread, the practice of specified hours and liturgical formats began to develop and become standardized. Around the year 484, Sabbas began the process of recording the liturgical practices around Jerusalem while the cathedral and parish rites in the Patriarchate of Constantinople evolved in an entirely different manner;〔Taft, Mount Athos:, pp 180, 181, 182, 187, and 189〕 the two were synthesized commencing in the eighth century to yield an office of great complexity.〔Taft, Mount Athos:, pp 180, 182, 184, 185, 187, and 191〕 In 525, Benedict of Nursia set out one of the earliest schemes for the recitation of the Psalter at the Office. With the Cluniac reforms of the 11th century there was a new emphasis on liturgy and the canonical hours in the reformed Benedictine priories with the Abbey of Cluny at their head. In western Catholicism, canonical hours may also be called ''offices'', since they refer to the official set of prayer of the Roman Catholic Church that is known variously as the ''divine office'' (from the Latin ''officium divinum'' meaning "divine service" or "divine duty"), and the ''opus Dei'' (meaning in Latin, "work of God"). The current official version of the hours in the Roman rite of the Roman Catholic Church is called the liturgy of the hours (Latin: ''liturgia horarum'') in North America or divine office in Ireland and Britain. In the Anglican tradition, they are often known as the daily office (or divine office), to distinguish them from the other 'offices' of the Church, i.e. holy communion, baptism, etc. In the Orthodox Church,〔and among likewise Byzantine Rite Catholics〕 the canonical hours may be referred to as the divine services, and the ''book of hours'' is called the ''horologion'' ((ギリシア語:῾Ωρολόγιον)). There are numerous small differences in practice according to local custom; but the overall order is the same among Byzantine Rite monasteries, although parish and cathedral customs vary rather more so by locale. The usage among the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Assyrian Church of the East and of their Eastern Catholic counterparts all differ from each other and from other rites. Already well-established by the ninth century in the West, these canonical offices consisted of eight daily prayer events: lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers and compline, and the night office, sometimes referred to as vigils, consisting of a number of sections called 'nocturnes'. Building on the recitation of psalms and canticles from scripture, the Church has added (and, at times, subtracted) hymns, hagiographical readings, and other prayers. == Development == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「canonical hours」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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